| Disease/Pest |
Causal Agent |
Symptoms/Damage |
Life Cycle |
Crown Gall of Grapevine  |
Agrobacterium vitis - bacterium |
- rough swellings (tumors) with a granular structure, ranging from 0.5 to 10 or more centimeters in size, are found near the soil surface on woody parts
- tumors are pale yellow and soft, gradually darken, harden, and begin to disintegrate
- tumors also develop just below the soil surface or at a height of up to 1 m above it
- infected plants form weaker shoots, and parts formed above the tumor sites may die
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- the pathogen persists in plant residues in the soil and in infected plants
- it enters mainly through wounds caused by frost or hail
- old and abandoned vineyards are a primary source of infection
- the disease is particularly harmful in vine nurseries and young vineyards
- in infected vines, severe winter cold can cause bark cracking
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| Control: |
- Use of healthy planting material.
- Establishing vine nurseries in well-drained locations.
- Shallow soil tillage, hilling up of young vines, and autumn fertilization with potassium fertilizers.
- Pruning in fruiting vineyards with established disease should be done before sap flow begins, first cutting healthy plants, then diseased ones.
- Burning of infected parts.
- Disinfection of tools after pruning each vine with a 5% formalin solution or a 10% bleach solution.
- Uprooting and destruction of vines upon detection of affected plants within the first 3 years after vineyard establishment.
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| Disease/Pest |
Causal Agent |
Symptoms/Damage |
Life Cycle |
| Esca (White Wood Rot) |
Fungi of the genus Phaeoacremonium and mainly the species Ph.chlamydospora, Ph.aleophilum |
- reduced shoot growth
- reduction in size, deformation, or deep incisions of leaves, accompanied by strong yellowing and necrosis
- symptoms intensify and culminate in the death of entire plants
- the disease may manifest as sudden wilting, followed by drying of plants
- the wood of affected vines is soft, brittle, discolored whitish or yellowish
- leaves turn yellowish from the periphery towards the center in varieties with green and yellow-green berry skin, and reddish in varieties with red and bluish-red berry skin
- tissues necrotize, and leaves fall prematurely, exposing the shoots as early as late July and early August
- disease symptoms start from the basal leaves of the shoots
- vines may partially or completely dry out suddenly after prolonged drought followed by heavy rains
- infected parts have a brownish-grayish color, leaves fall within just a few days, and the wood cracks
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- the causal agents of esca develop saprophytically in the soil and infect small roots, then the thick roots, destroying the tissues
- the disease develops in aging vineyards or in young vineyards planted on heavy, acidic soils with poor agrotechnical practices
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| Control: |
- In the production of planting material, cuttings should be taken only from completely healthy vines.
- During the growing season, vines in the nursery should be regularly inspected, and all with signs of the disease should be marked and burned.
- Dead vines are uprooted and burned early in spring.
- Affected fruiting canes, spurs, or trunks are cut out and burned, and a new trunk is formed from shoots emerging from the base of the vine.
- If possible, cut out and destroy affected parts of the vine during summer and autumn.
- In spring, pruning is done first on completely healthy vines.
- Pruning tools are disinfected with a 5% copper sulfate solution or other disinfectants.
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| Disease/Pest |
Causal Agent |
Symptoms/Damage |
Life Cycle |
| Anthracnose |
Gleosporium ampelophagum - fungus |
- irregularly rounded, dark brown spots on shoots and tendrils
- gradual enlargement of spots, tissues in their central part sink and split, forming deep lesions
- under severe attack, shoot growth stops, tips blacken, become distorted, and dry out
- clusters and pedicels may also dry out
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- the pathogen overwinters in damaged shoots and mummified fruits as mycelium and sclerotia
- mass infections are carried out by sclerotia
- favorable conditions for disease development are cool and rainy weather, dense planting, one-sided nitrogen fertilization, and cordon pruning
- the attack in vineyards is patchy
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| Control: |
- During pruning, all shoots with signs of the disease must be removed.
- Application of a winter spray with a 2% Bordeaux mixture.
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| Disease/Pest |
Causal Agent |
Symptoms/Damage |
Life Cycle |
| Grapevine Scale |
Pulvinaria vitis |
- larvae and adult insects suck sap from all above-ground parts of the vine, preferring spurs, shoots, leaves, and berries
- they transmit three types of viruses that cause grapevine diseases
- severely damaged vines become exhausted, yield low and poor-quality grapes, and often dry out
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- the species develops one generation per year
- it overwinters as a second-instar larva on the trunk, spurs, and fruiting canes of the vine
- overwintered larvae develop until the second half of May and begin laying eggs in a white egg sac, several times larger than the scale's shield
- one scale lays from 1500 to 3000 eggs
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| Control: |
- To control the overwintering form in the second half of March, at the beginning of bud swelling, at a density of 1 larva per 1 linear meter of fruiting cane, treatment should be carried out with Para Zomer (paraffin oil) – 3%.
- In the second half of June, spraying with registered insecticides should be carried out.
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